1. How has algorithmic trading recovered since the pandemic and what structural changes remain?
Algorithmic trading volumes recovered strongly after 2021 as exchanges reopened and volatility normalised. The share of orders routed through algorithms on major US equity venues now exceeds 60% of electronic volume. Cloud-based infrastructure and colocation spending pushed the market from USD 23.5 billion in 2025 to a projected USD 65.2 billion by 2033.






